Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and Demonstrate:

1.  Bones of thoracic cage.

2. The side of the rib, identify atypical ribs (1^st, 2^nd and 12^th).

3. Joints of the thorax.

4.  Intercostal muscles, vessels and nerves.

5.  The pleural cavity and pleural recesses.

  

Detailed Contents:

v     Sternum, ribs thoracic vertebrae.

v     Features of ribs are studied to help the differentiation between the typical and atypical ribs and identify its side.

v     Features of typical thoracic vertebra.

v     Joints; types and movements.

v     Intercostal muscles, vessels and nerves.

v     Pleural cavity.

 Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and demonstrate:

1.  The anatomical relationship of the lobes of the lungs and their surface projections.

2. The lobes and fissures of the lung after its removal.

3. The impressions of adjacent structures in contact to the lung.

4. The pulmonary arteries, veins and bronchial tubes.

5. The bronchopulmonary segments by dissecting one lung for demonstration.

  

Detailed Contents:

v     With the lungs in place, observe its relation to the mediastinum, diaphragm & its surface anatomy.

v     The 3 lobes and 2 fissures of right lung and 2 lobes and 1 fissure and cardiac notch of left lung are examined.

v     The impressions on each mediastinal surface are identified.

v     The root of lung is studied and pulmonary arteries, veins, bronchi are identified.

v     Only one lung is used to demonstrate the bronchial tree.

 

Transferable Skills:

Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and Demonstrate:

1.  The fibrous pericardium.

2. The transverse and oblique sinuses location.

3. The heart morphology, blood supply and surface anatomy.

4. The large vessels attached to the heart.

  

Detailed Contents:

v     Observe the tough fibrous pericardium, open pericardial sac and identify the parietal & serous pericardium.

v     Locate the transverse and oblique pericardial sinuses.

v     Identify surfaces, borders, apex and base of the heart and its blood supply.

v     Surface anatomy of the heart.

v     Identify the large vessels attached to the heart, SVC, IVC, Pulmonary artery, Pulmonary veins.

v     Features of the interior of the heart chambers.

v     Heart valves.

 

Transferable Skills:

Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and Demonstrate:

1.  The divisions of the mediastinum.

2. The boundaries and contents of the mediastinum.

  

 Detailed Contents:

v     Identify the thoracic inlet, the sternal angle, the anterior and posterior boundaries.

v     Beginning, termination, tributaries, relation of brachiocephalic veins and upper half of SVC.

v     Course, levels of beginning and termination of ascending, arch and descending aorta, also relations and branches.

v     Right and left vagi, course relations and identify the left recurrent laryngeal nerve.

v     Right and left phrenic nerves; course, relations in the superior mediastinum.

v     Esophagus, its relations.

v     Sympathetic trunk and splanchnic nerves.

v     Azygos and hemiazygos veins.

v     Thoracic duct.

Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and Demonstrate:

1.  Surface anatomy of the pleura, lung, heart and valves.

2.  Sites of auscultation of the heart valves.

Radiographic appearance of:

1.  Plain x-ray, postero-anterior view.

2. Soft tissues.

3. Bony framework.

4. The Diaphragm.

5. The Trachea.

6. Boundaries of the mediastinum.

 

Detailed Contents:

v     How to identify the postero-anterior view and the central position of the radiograph.

v     Nipples and breast in female may be seen.

v     Costal cartilages are not usually seen but you can identify the sternum, ribs, scapula, clavicle.

v     The dome shaped shadows of the diaphragm with the right side appearing at a higher level.

v     Radiolucent appearance of the trachea.

v     Right border of Mediastinum: Brachiocephalic vein, SVC, Right atrium.

v     Left border of Mediastinum: Aortic knuckle, pulmonary trunk, left ventricle.

Transferable Skills:

The student should be able to identify: