Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1.  Understand the intercostal spaces and their contents.

2.  Compare muscles of intercostal spaces.

3.  Describe arteries, veins, nerves of the anterior and posterior thoracic walls.

4.  Understand the pleura, pleural cavity and its clinical importance.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     Explain what is meant by intercostal space and its contents: respiratory muscles, endothoracic fascia, parietal pleura and intercostal nerves and vessels.

v     Compare between external, internal and innermost intercostal muscles, regarding origin, insertion, action and nerve supply.

v     Vessels of the thoracic wall: Internal thoracic artery and vein, superior intercostal artery, descending thoracic aorta, azygos system and veins.

v     Intercostal nerves: origin, course, branches and distribution.

v     Pleura: layers, nerve and blood supply and important clinical aspects.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1.  Give a description of the anatomy of the lungs.

2.  Identify the major relations.

3.  Describe the root of the lung and its contents.

4.  Develop clear concept about bronchopulmonary segments and understand its clinical importance.

5.  Know trachea and main bronchi.

6.  Give a precise account on the mechanism of respiration.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     Lungs: base, apex, surfaces, borders, fissures and lobes.

v     Differences between right and left lungs.

v     Blood and nerve supply and lymphatic drainage of the lungs.

v     Describe how medial surface is molded to pericardium and other mediastinal structures.

v     Different structures joining the root of the lung: bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymph vessels, bronchial vessels and nerves.

v     The characteristics of the bronchopulmonary segments, their importance and how they are formed.

v     Beginning, end of trachea, the carina, main bronchi, its relations and clinical importance.

v     Mechanism of respiration in short.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1.  Develop clear concept on the anatomy of the pericardium and its clinical importance.

2.  List the subdivisions of the mediastinum and their components.

3.  Describe the outer appearance of the heart.

4.  Identify different chambers and vessels of the heart.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     Pericardium: types, cavity, sinuses, blood and nerve supply and clinical importance.

v     Mediastinum: boundaries, parts, contents and relations.

v     External aspect of the heart: shape, surfaces, borders, apex, base and grooves.

v     Chambers of the heart.

v     Major vessels: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins and aorta.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1.  Identify the internal features of the chambers of the heart.

2.  Describe the conducting system of the heart.

3.  Understand the arterial supply and venous drainage of the heart.

4.  Identify the nerve supply of the heart and understand how cardiac pain impulses reach consciousness.

5.  Appreciate the surface anatomy of the heart and valves and the sites of their auscultation.

6.  Understand the different clinical application.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     Features of the cavities of right atrium and ventricle, left atrium and ventricle and the valves.

v     Parts of conducting system, SA node, AV node, AV bundle and internodal conducting system.

v     Right and left coronary arteries and their branches.

v     Venous drainage of the heart: coronary sinus and its tributaries, anterior cardiac veins and venae cordis minimi.

v     Cardiac plexuses: formation and distribution.

v     Surface anatomy of the heart and its valves.

v     Best sites for valve auscultation.

v     Important clinical notes of the heart.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1.  Describe the boundaries of the superior mediastinum.

2.  Enumerate the contents of the superior mediastinum.

3.  Give an account on the relations of its various structures.

4.  Give a brief description on large veins and arteries, trachea and esophagus.

5.  Understand the clinical notes concerning the structures of the superior mediastinum

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     Boundaries of the superior mediastinum.

v     Contents of the superior mediastinum in anatomical order.

v     Large veins: beginning, course, end and tributaries.

v     Arch of aorta: beginning, course and relations, end and branches.

v     Trachea: beginning, course and relations, end, blood and nerve supply.

v     Esophagus: beginning, course and relations, end, blood and nerve supply.

v     Important clinical note of the superior mediastinal structures.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1.  Describe the boundaries of the posterior mediastinum.

2.  Enumerate the contents of the posterior mediastinum.

3.  Give a precise account on the relations between various contents.

4.  Give a brief description of the various structures located in the posterior mediastinum.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     Boundaries of the posterior mediastinum.

v     Anatomical features of contents of the posterior mediastinum: esophagus, descending thoracic aorta, azygos veins, thoracic duct, sympathetic chain.

v     Important clinical note of the posterior mediastinal structures.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1.  Know the nerves of the thorax.

2.  Understand the lymphatic drainage of the thorax.

3.  Describe the arteries of the thorax.

4.  Describe the veins of the thorax.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     Vagus & phrenic nerves and sympathetic chain.

v     Lymph vessels and nodes draining the skin and intercostal spaces.

v     Lymph nodes of the thoracic cavity.

v     Vessels of the thorax.

v     Clinical points of the nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the thorax.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and Demonstrate:

1.  Bones of thoracic cage.

2. The side of the rib, identify atypical ribs (1^st, 2^nd and 12^th).

3. Joints of the thorax.

4.  Intercostal muscles, vessels and nerves.

5.  The pleural cavity and pleural recesses.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     Sternum, ribs thoracic vertebrae.

v     Features of ribs are studied to help the differentiation between the typical and atypical ribs and identify its side.

v     Features of typical thoracic vertebra.

v     Joints; types and movements.

v     Intercostal muscles, vessels and nerves.

v     Pleural cavity.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and demonstrate:

1.  The anatomical relationship of the lobes of the lungs and their surface projections.

2. The lobes and fissures of the lung after its removal.

3. The impressions of adjacent structures in contact to the lung.

4. The pulmonary arteries, veins and bronchial tubes.

5. The bronchopulmonary segments by dissecting one lung for demonstration.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     With the lungs in place, observe its relation to the mediastinum, diaphragm & its surface anatomy.

v     The 3 lobes and 2 fissures of right lung and 2 lobes and 1 fissure and cardiac notch of left lung are examined.

v     The impressions on each mediastinal surface are identified.

v     The root of lung is studied and pulmonary arteries, veins, bronchi are identified.

v     Only one lung is used to demonstrate the bronchial tree.

 

Transferable Skills:

 

Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and Demonstrate:

1.  The fibrous pericardium.

2. The transverse and oblique sinuses location.

3. The heart morphology, blood supply and surface anatomy.

4. The large vessels attached to the heart.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     Observe the tough fibrous pericardium, open pericardial sac and identify the parietal & serous pericardium.

v     Locate the transverse and oblique pericardial sinuses.

v     Identify surfaces, borders, apex and base of the heart and its blood supply.

v     Surface anatomy of the heart.

v     Identify the large vessels attached to the heart, SVC, IVC, Pulmonary artery, Pulmonary veins.

v     Features of the interior of the heart chambers.

v     Heart valves.

 

Transferable Skills:

 

Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and Demonstrate:

1.  The divisions of the mediastinum.

2. The boundaries and contents of the mediastinum.

 

 

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     Identify the thoracic inlet, the sternal angle, the anterior and posterior boundaries.

v     Beginning, termination, tributaries, relation of brachiocephalic veins and upper half of SVC.

v     Course, levels of beginning and termination of ascending, arch and descending aorta, also relations and branches.

v     Right and left vagi, course relations and identify the left recurrent laryngeal nerve.

v     Right and left phrenic nerves; course, relations in the superior mediastinum.

v     Esophagus, its relations.

v     Sympathetic trunk and splanchnic nerves.

v     Azygos and hemiazygos veins.

v     Thoracic duct.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and Demonstrate:

1.  Surface anatomy of the pleura, lung, heart and valves.

2.  Sites of auscultation of the heart valves.

Radiographic appearance of:

1.  Plain x-ray, postero-anterior view.

2. Soft tissues.

3. Bony framework.

4. The Diaphragm.

5. The Trachea.

6. Boundaries of the mediastinum.

Detailed Contents:

v     How to identify the postero-anterior view and the central position of the radiograph.

v     Nipples and breast in female may be seen.

v     Costal cartilages are not usually seen but you can identify the sternum, ribs, scapula, clavicle.

v     The dome shaped shadows of the diaphragm with the right side appearing at a higher level.

v     Radiolucent appearance of the trachea.

v     Right border of Mediastinum: Brachiocephalic vein, SVC, Right atrium.

v     Left border of Mediastinum: Aortic knuckle, pulmonary trunk, left ventricle.

Transferable Skills:

The student should be able to identify: