Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1.  Know the organization and components of the human body and the principle tools used to study its microscopic structures, i.e. the different techniques for preparation and staining of tissue sections and different types of microscopes.

2.  Explain the significance of tissue culture techniques to the study of live cell systems.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     Organization of the human body, cells, tissues, organs and systems.

v     Components of the human body; cells, intercellular substances and body fluids.

v     Microscopy; light (optical), phase contrast, fluorescence, transmission and scanning electron microscopy.

v     Methods of preparation of microscopical sections.

v     Principle of staining and different types of stains.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1.  Know the histological structure of the different components of the cell at both light and electron microscope levels and give their functional significance.

2.  Describe cell motility, secretodynamics and process of cellular secretion.

3.  Correlate between the predominance of cell organelle and the function of the cell.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     Components of the nucleus (LM and EM), DNA and types of RNA and structure of chromosomes.

v     LM and EM of membranous and non-membranous cell organelles and cell inclusions and cell membrane specialization.

v     Cell cycle.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1.  Identify and describe the normal components of circulating peripheral blood and bone marrow.

2.  Give the normal values of various blood elements, hemoglobin and hematocrit.

3.  Describe the histological structure of various types of blood elements and relate their structure to function.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     Structure (LM and EM) of RBC, granular and non granular leucocytes and platelets.

v     The functional and clinical significance of these elements.

v     Structure and types of bone marrow.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1.  Describe the characteristic forms and functions of epithelial tissue.

2.  List the classification of types of epithelia and know example of location within the body.

3.  Describe the structure and function of intercellular junction, microvilli, stereocilia, cilia and flagella.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     General characteristics and functions of epithelium.

v     Different types and sites of each type.

v     Structure of each type of epithelia.

v     Epithelial polarity and modifications of cell surface.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1.  Identify fibrous and cellular components of connective tissue.

2.  Recognize the properties and typical location of the various types of connective tissue.

3.  Correlate between the structure, site and function of each type of connective tissue.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     General characteristics of connective tissue proper.

v     Structure (LM and EM) and function of different connective tissue cells.

v     Structure and types of connective tissue fibers.

v     Structure of ground substance.

v     Types of connective tissue proper and sites of each type.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1.  Identify and describe the histological structure and location of various types of cartilage (hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage).

2.  Correlate structure to the function of each type of cartilage.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     Structure and function of cells and intercellular substance that constitute cartilage.

v     Different varieties, growth and nutrition of cartilage.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1.  Identify and describe the histological structure and location of various types of bone (spongy and compact).

2.  Understand the process of bone development, remodeling and healing.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     Types, structure, sites and functions of bone tissue.

v     Structure and functions of bone cells.

v     Intramembranous and endochondral ossification.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1.  Define, identify and describe the histological structure of neuron, its perikaryon and processes, their terminations and synapses as seen with both light and electron microscopy.

2.  Identify the structural differences between myelinated and nonmyelinated nerves; compare and contrast myelination of peripheral versus central nervous tissue.

3.  Know when neurons could regenerate.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     Types of neurons.

v     Histology of the neuron (LM and EM).

v     Types and structure of nerve fibers and synapses.

v     Degeneration and regeneration of neurons.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1.  Identify and describe relationship of supporting cells both in peripheral and central nervous system, understand the connective tissue investment of the peripheral nerves.

2.  Describe the differences between spinal and autonomic ganglia.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     Neuroglia and their functions.

v     Structure of spinal and autonomic ganglia.

v     Types and structure of nerve endings (receptors and effectors).

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1.  Characterize the structure and function of the three major muscle tissue types; skeletal, smooth and cardiac.

2.  Describe the organization of skeletal muscle at LM and EM levels.

3.  Compare and contrast the structure and function of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle fibers.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     The light and electron microscopic features of smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscles.

v     The function and innervation of each type of muscle tissue including the mechanism of muscle contraction.

v     The conducting system of the heart.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1.  Describe the histological structure of the heart including its conducting system and relate the structure to the function.

2.  Classify arteries and veins, identify and describe their histological structure and changes which occur in their three tunicae at different levels and relate these changes to their function.

3.  Describe and identify different types of capillaries including sinusoids and relate their structure to the function.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     Histological structure of the heart.

v     Classification of arteries and veins; their structural modifications in relation to their functions.

v     Different varieties of capillaries and blood sinusoids.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1.  Give a general description of the function of lymphocytes and differences in nature and functions of B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes relating these concepts to their role in immune response.

2.  Correlate the histological structure of lymph node and thymus gland to their functions.

3.  Differentiate between primary and secondary lymphatic organs.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     Role of lymphocytes in immune responses of the body.

v     Structure of lymphatic vessels.

v     Histological structure and function of the lymph node.

v     Circulation of lymph in lymph node.

v     Histological structure and functions of thymus gland.

v     Blood thymic barrier.

v     Sites of presence of phagocytic cells and antigen presenting cells allover the body.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1.  Correlate between the structure of spleen and its function.

2.  Distinguish the open and closed circulations of the spleen.

3.  Identify the importance of mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) in the immune function of the body.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     Histological structure of the spleen and its blood circulation.

v     Structure of the mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT); tonsils, Peyer's patches and appendix.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1.  Describe the organization of the respiratory tract into conducting and respiratory portions.

2.  Identify the structure and function of the respiratory and olfactory mucosa.

3.  Correlate structure to function of nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary and secondary bronchi, bronchioles of different types, alveolar ducts and alveoli.

4.  Know function of the blood-air barrier and alveolar macrophages.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     Respiratory and olfactory mucosa.

v     Structure of nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles.

v     Structure of lung and blood-air barrier.

v     Alveolar macrophages.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1.  Identify the divisions of the nervous system into central and peripheral.

2.  Identify the different layers and types of neurons in the cerebrum and cerebellum and correlate this structure to their functions.

3.  Know the structure of meninges, CSF and blood-brain barrier.

 

 

 

Detailed Contents:

v     Cerebellum; structure and function.

v     Cerebrum; structure and function.

v     Meninges; Dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater.

v     CSF and choroid plexus.

v     Blood-brain barrier.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and Demonstrate:

1.  The methods of tissue fixation, their importance and commonly used procedures for tissue embedding.

2. The common staining methods, their rationale and usefulness of cytochemical and histochemical techniques.

3. How to use light microscope and its magnification powers.

 

 

Detailed Contents:

 

Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and Demonstrate:

1.  Different organelles in histological sections and in electron micrographs.

2. Understand the functional roles of each organelle in cellular metabolism.

 

 

Detailed Contents:

 

Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and Demonstrate:

1. Read a blood report.

2. Do a blood film and stain it with Leishman stain.

3. Do a differential leucocytic count.

4. Know the relation between leucocytes and diseases.        

 

 

Detailed Contents:

 

Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and Demonstrate:

1.  Recognize the epithelial and non-epithelial components of an organ.

2. Classify the epithelium that covers or lines an organ.

3. Understand the characteristic features of epithelium at the L/M & E/M levels.

4. Know the structural & functional different microvilli.

5. Distinguish unicellular from multicellular glands.

 

Detailed Contents:

 

Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and Demonstrate:

1.  The characteristic structure of connective tissue including the cells, fibers and extracellular materials.

2. Differentiate microscopically between the different types of connective proper.

 

 

Detailed Contents:

 

Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and Demonstrate:

1.  Recognize the three types of cartilage.

2. Understand how the cellular and extracellular components of cartilage contribute to the structure and function of these tissues.

 

 

Detailed Contents:

 

Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and Demonstrate:

1.  Histological structure of various types of bone tissue (spongy and compact).

2. Understand the process of bone development, remodeling and healing.

 

 

Detailed Contents:

 

Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and Demonstrate:

1.  Nerve tissue in histological sections and in electron micrographs.

2. Describe the structural relationship between the axon, myelin sheath, node of Ranvier, Schmid-Lantermann clefts and Schwann cells.

Demonstrate the endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium of a peripheral nerve.

 

 

Detailed Contents:

 

Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and Demonstrate:

1. Differentiate between spinal and autonomic ganglia.

2. Recognize specialized sensory neuronal endings of the skin.     

 

 

Detailed Contents:

 

Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and Demonstrate:

1.  Recognize the skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle in histological preparations.

2. Learn the functional and structural differences between skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles.

 

Detailed Contents:

 

Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and Demonstrate:

1.  Differentiate microscopically between different arteries and veins.

2. Correlate between structure of blood vessels and their function.

 

 

Detailed Contents:

 

Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and Demonstrate:

1.  Recognize how the structure of the thymus accommodates its function.

2. Understand the structure and function of the blood thymic barrier.

3. Trace the flow of T-Lymphocytes through the thymus.

4. Recognize how the structure of the lymph node accommodates its function.

5. Trace the lymphatic circulation through the lymph node.

 

 

Detailed Contents:

 

Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and Demonstrate:

1.  Differentiate microscopically between organs containing lymphoid tissue.

2. The structure of spleen, tonsils, Peyer’s patches and the appendix.

 

Detailed Contents:

 

Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and Demonstrate:

1.  The organization and cell types of respiratory epithelium.

2. Structure and function of the trachea.

3. Structure and function of the alveolar wall with special emphasis on the blood air barrier.

 

Detailed Contents:

 

Learning Objectives:

After this practical, student should be able to Describe and Demonstrate:

Differentiate microscopically between structure of cerebrum and cerebellum

 

 

Detailed Contents: