Embryology

lectures

 

Lecture (1): Introduction, overview of gametogenesis, fertilization to implantation

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1. Understand the basic terminology of human development.

2. Understand the normal physiology of ovulation, its hormonal controls and major events.

3. Revised the basics of how germ cells are converted into male and female gametes.

4. Understand the normal fertilization process.

 

 

Detailed Contents:

1. Terms in embryology.

2. Primordial germ cells .

3. The chromosome theory of inheritance, mitosis and meiosis.

4. Normal and abnormal maturation division.

5. Morphological changes during maturation of the gametes, oogenesis and spermatogenesis.

6. The physiology of ovulation (ovarian cycle, ovulation, corpus luteum, corpus albicans)

7. Fertilization and its phases.

8. Cleavage.

9. Blastocyst formation.

10. Uterus at the time of implantation.

*****

 

Lecture (2): 2^nd week of development: Bilaminar germ disc.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1. Understand the major events of the second week of development, day-by-day.
2. Understand the abnormal implantation sites of the blastocyst.

 

 

Detailed Contents:

1.    Major events of day 8.

2.    Major events of day 9.

3.    Major events of days 11 and 12.

4.    Major events of day 13.

5.    Abnormal implantation sites of the blastocyst.

 

 

*****

 

Lecture (3): Third week of development: Trilaminar germ disc.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1. Understand the process of gastrulation (formation of the 3 germ layers).
2. Understand the formation of the primitive streak.
3. Understand the process of invagination.

 

 

Detailed Contents:

1.    Gastrulation: formation of embryonic mesoderm and endoderm.

2.    Formation of the notochord.

3.    Fate map established during gastrulation.

4.    Growth of the embryonic disc.

5.    Development of the trophoblast.

 

*****

 

Lecture (4): Third to eight week: the embryonic period.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1. Understand the process of organogenesis.
2. Be able to differentiate between the three germ layers (ecto-endo-mesoderm) and their derivatives.

 

 

Detailed Contents:

1.    Derivatives of the ectodermal germ layer.

2.    Neurulation and derivatives of neural crest.

3.    Derivatives of the mesodermal germ layer.

4.    Derivatives of the paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm and lateral mesoderm.

5.    Derivatives of endodermal germ layer.

6.    External appearance during the 2^nd month.

7.    Determination of the age of the embryo by crown-rump length (CRL).

 

*****

 

Lecture (5): Third month to birth: The fetus and placenta.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1. To know the changes that occur during the fetal period.
2. To understand how the age of the fetus is measured.
3. To know how the length of pregnancy is calculated.

 

 

Detailed Contents:

1.    Development of the fetus.

2.    Age determination by CRL, CHL, BDD, femur length.

3.    Monthly changes, 3^ed month, 4^th month, 5^th, 7^th, 8^th and 9^th

4.    Time of birth (expected date of delivery).

5.    Fetal membranes and placenta.
Changes in the trophoblasts
Chorion frondosum and deciduas basalis.

6.    Structure of the placenta, full term, circulation and function.

7.    Amnion and umbilical cord.

8.    Fetal membranes in twins (dizygotic and monozygotic).

 

*****

 

Lecture (6): Birth defects and prenatal diagnosis.

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1. Understand the principles of teratology.
2. Understand the causes of congenital abnormalities.
3. Know the different types of abnormalities.

 

 

Detailed Contents:

1.    Definition of birth defects.

2.    Types of congenital abnormalities.

3.    Environmental factors.

4.    Principles of teratology.

5.    Infectious agents.

6.    Radiation, chemical agents and hormones.

7.    Maternal diseases and nutritional deficiencies.

8.    Prenatal diagnosis:
US
Maternal serum screening
Amniocentesis
Chrionic villus sampling

9.    Fetal therapy.

 

*****

 

Lecture (7): Development of musculoskeletal system

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should be able to:

1. Understand the development of skeletal system.
2. Know the terms: somitomeres, somites, sclerotome and dermomyotome.
3. Understand the development of the muscular system.

 

 

Detailed Contents:

1.    Skull.

2.    Neurocranium
membranes
newborn skull
chondrocranium

3.    Viscerocranium.

4.    Vertebral column.

5.    Striated skeletal musculature.

6.    Derivatives of precursor muscle cells.

7.    Head musculature.

8.    Limb musculature.

9.    Cardiac and smooth muscles.

 

*****

 

Lecture (8 and 9):  Cardiovascular System

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should:

            1. Understand how the cardiovascular system is developed

            2. know different congenital anomalies

            3. understand how these anomalies are developed and the causes

            4. understand the fetal circulation before and after birth

 

 

Detailed Contents:

         

          1. Formation and position of the heart tube

          2. Formation of the cardiac loop

3. Development of sinus venosus

4. Formation of the cardiac septa

5. Septum formation in the common atrium

6. Septum formation in the atrioventricular canal

7. Septum formation in the truncus arteriosus and conus cardis

8. Septum formation in the ventricles

9. Vascular system

10. Fetal circulation and changes at birth

 

 

*****

 

Lecture (10):  Urinary System

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should:

            1. have an idea about the development of the urinary  system

            2. know about different congenital anomalies of the urinary system

 

 

            Detailed Contents:

         

          1. Kidney system

                   * pronephros

                   * mesonephros

                   * metanephros

 

2.    Development of bladder and urethra

 

 

*****

 

Lecture (11 and 12):  Development of Head and Neck

 

Learning Objectives:

After this lecture, student should:

            1. Understand the development of the head and neck regions 

            2. Know about the formation of pharyngeal arches and their roles 

            3. Know the derivatives of the pharyngeal arches.

            4. Understand the most common anomalies of head and neck.

 

 

Detailed Contents:

         

          1. Pharyngeal arches

          2. Pharyngeal pouches

3. Pharyngeal clefts

4. Tongue

5. Thyroid gland

6. Face

7. Intermaxillary segment

8. Secondary plate

9. Nasal cavities and teeth